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17 September 2024

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Audited budgets

Generally: At least international banks (often called “international financing institutions” (IFIs) , amongst them development banks) would check first if the LG can present audited budget declarations of the last years (audited by an independent auditor). If these budget declarations are proven correct, this is considered as a first proof that the city’s finance management is reliable.

How can a local government with limited resources leverage them to tackle climate change?

Contact someone to find out about planned projects

If your country has a direct access entity, contact it to find out what projects are planned. 

International Climate Funds

Such funds are often born out of international agreements or diplomacy, such as via the annual UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP). Common features of these funds include:

  • Dedicated to supporting climate action in developing and emerging economies, often with a specific preference for funding projects in Small-Island Development States (SIDS) and Less-Developed Countries (LDCs).
  • Typically operate at a larger scale such as national and regional rather than local.
  • Most International Climate Funds can only be accessed by “accredited entities”
    • For the Green Climate Fund (GCF), these are mostly development banks (e.g., AFD, World Bank, AfDB), implementing entities (e.g., UN organisations, GIZ), but also national entities (e.g., South African SANBI, Senegalese CSE, KCB Bank Kenya Limited), that have passed the accreditation process.
  • Projects need to be rather “big”, often too big for one local community. A solution can be to “pool” measures and/or projects that can be replicated in various local communities.
  • Often, co-funding is required either from the national government or from another funding entity. Additionally, the national government must agree to each project (through a designated person).

Examples of international climate funds that are well known and established funds that provide climate finance for a variety of projects: 

  • The Green Climate Fund (GCF)
  • The Adaptation Fund
  • The Global Environment Facility (GEF). 

Stationary energy

Stationary energy emissions primarily come from the combustion of fuel. The sector also includes fugitive emissions released in the process of generating, delivering and consuming energy (such as electricity or heat). Subsectors: Residential buildings Commercial and institutional buildings and facilities Manufacturing industries and construction Energy industries Agriculture, forestry, and fishing activities Non-specified sources Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage, and transportation of coal Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems

Adopting urban planning for housing and developing to reduce exposure to climate shocks

Adaptation measures in cities

*Click on the red dots on the image below for more information

Urban greening:

Increasing tree cover and green spaces to battle the urban heat island effect. Trees and other natural elements also absorb pollutants and provide us with fresh air.

Community gardens: 

Community gardens help increase water retention while encouraging community-building and local conservation.

Green roofs:

Greening rooftops to reduce summer heat, provide winter insulation and reduce stormwater runoff.

Permeable surfaces:

Increasing permeable surfaces and wetlands to increase natural infiltration of rainwater, and reduce stormwater runoff and flooding.

Roads stormwater drainage systems:

Properly planned stormwater drainage systems help reduce road erosion and flooding

Mangroves or sea walls:

Stabilizes the shore against erosion and reduces wind and wave power during coastal storms

Early warning systems:

Aims to avoid or reduce the damages caused from hazards.

Riparian Buffer Strips:

Vegetated buffer zones alongside watercourses can significantly contribute to improve micro-climatic conditions, reduce the run-off of sediments and pollutants reaching the watercourse, increase groundwater recharge, and reduce vulnerability to floods

Projects and policies targeted at those most vulnerable

Climate hazards and how cities can respond

*Slide the orange line on the left to see how adaptation measures can help make cities more liveable 

Before After

The Mali Climate Fund, the first national climate fund established in Africa in 2012, was signed between the Government of the Republic of Mali and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

The Mali Climate Fund is used to mobilise, blend and utilise domestic and international, public and private, sources of finance towards the implementation of the Green Economy and Climate Resilient strategy. It also contributes to the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

In 2019, 9 projects were being executed thanks to the Malian Climate Fund, amounting to a total financing of USD 8 million. 

These projects mainly aim at reinforcing Malian communities’ resilience towards the effects of climate change. The projects are multi-sectoral including agriculture, water management, energy access, education and forestry.  

118 Malian cities and villages are currently benefitting directly from these projects.

Two examples are the CEMALI programme aiming at reducing deforestation by regulating the fuelwood sector, and the PRENCC programme, reinforcing Malian people’s access to irrigation and resilience towards the effects of climate change.

National MDTF Factsheet – Mali Climate Fund (undp.org)

“Dangers and opportunities” dimension

Consider both negative impacts of climate change as well as potential climate opportunities.

Example

Considering the danger of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the public transport sector should also be seen as an opportunity to modernise the bus fleet with electric buses and open new markets.

It’s important to have discussions with all stakeholders about climate change – some of them urban, but even those who are based in the villages were already very aware of the changes that were happening, but had not made the link to know that its effects associated with global warming and hence climate change. In the local languages (Kamba, Swahili) there is no name for ‘climate change’ per se – you need to use an entire sentence to describe it - it is an alien term. People are able to connect the dots of past and recent events when you sit down and speak with them. This was the case for the people living in majority of the rural areas in the Makueni County.

~ Mary Mbenge, Chief Officer for Natural Resources, Environment and Climate Change of the Makueni County, Kenya